
KFC was playing the obvious codes of snack representation and wanted to differentiate itself positively from competitors. By exploring fundamental codes around chicken and the KFC heritage, we uncovered a potential pleasure in the brand offer that existed beyond the physical. An identification of a specific KFC ‘magical spirit’ helped inspire KFC’s subsequent ‘Soul Food’ strateSWOT has a long history as a tool of strategic and marketing analysis. No one knows who first invented SWOT analysis. It has features in strategy textbooks since at least 1972 and can now be found in textbooks on marketing and any other business disciplines. It advocates say that it can be used to gauge the degree of “fit” between the organisation’s strategies and its environment, and to suggest ways in which the organisation can profit from strengths and opportunities and shield itself against weaknesses and threats (Adams, 2005). However, SWOT has come under criticism recently. Because it is so simple, both students and managers have a tendency to use it without a great deal of thought, so that the results are often useless. Another problem is that SWOT, having been conceived in simpler times, does not cope very well with some of the subtler aspects of modern strategic theory, such as trade-offs (De Witt and Meyer, 1998).
Strengths
Determine an organisation’s strong points. This should be from both internal and external customers. A strength is a “resource advantage relative to competitors and the needs of the markets a firm serves or expects to serve”. It is a distinctive competence when it gives the firm a comparative advantage in the marketplace. Strengths arise from the resources and competencies available to the firm.
Weaknesses
Determine an organisation’s weaknesses, not only from its point of view, but also more importantly, from customers. Although it may be difficult for an organisation to acknowledge its weaknesses it is best to handle the bitter reality without procrastination. A weakness is a “limitation or deficiency in one or more resources or competencies relative to competitors that impedes a firm’s effective performance”.
Opportunities
Another major factor is to determine how organisations can continue to grow within the marketplace. After all, opportunities are everywhere, such as the changes in technology, government policy, social patterns, and so on. An opportunity is a major situation in a firm’s environment. Key trends are one source of opportunities. Identification of a previously overlooked market segment, changes in competitive or regulatory circumstances, technological changes, and improved buyer or supplier relationships could represent opportunities fro the firm.
Threats
No one likes to think about threats, but we still have to face them, despite the fact that they are external factors that are out of our control, for example, the recent economic slump in Asia. It is vital to be prepared and face threats even during turbulent times. A threat is a major unfavourable situation in a firm’s environment. Threats are key impediments to the firm’s current or desired position. The entrance of new competitors, slow market growth, increased bargaining power of key buyers or suppliers, technological changes, and new or revised regulations could represent threats to a firm’s success.
Because SWOT is such as familiar and comforting tool, many students use it at the start of their analysis. This is a mistake. In order to arrive at a proper SWOT appraisal, other analyses need to be carrier out first.
• Since opportunities and threats mostly arise from the environment, SWOT analysis needs to take account of the results of a full environmental analysis.
• It is impossible to gauge what an organisation’s real strengths are until you have assessed its strategic resources – in fact, strategic resources and strength are the same thing. There is a tendency for students to put down anything vaguely favourable that they can think of about a company as a strength. This temptation needs to be resisted - a strength is not a strength unless it makes a genuine difference to an organisation’s competitiveness. The same is true of weaknesses.
For example, look at Southwest Airlines and Amazon.com. Both companies have important groups of potential customers to whom they offer poor service. Southwest ignores business passengers, and will not accept transfers from other airlines. Amazon makes people wait days to receive books that they can obtain instantly from their neighbourhood bookstores, and pay a delivery charge for the privilege. Surely, these are major threats. Southwest and Amazon have chosen not to give those customers priority. Serving them would divert resources from the firm’s core markets, and dilute service to their main customers. Not serving them is certainly not a weakness; in a paradoxical way, it may be a strength.
The wizardry of SWOT is the matching of specific internal and external factors, which creates a strategic matrix and which makes sense. It is essential to note that the internal factors are within the control of organisation, such as operations, finance, marketing, and other areas. On the contrary, the external factors are out of the organisation’s control, such as political and economic factors, technology, competition, and other areas. The four combinations are called the maxi-maxi (strengths/opportunities), maxi-mini (strengths/threats), mini-maxi (weaknesses/opportunities), and mini-mini (weaknesses/threats). Weihrich (1982) describes the four combinations as follows:
1. Maxi-maxi (S/O). This combination shows the organisation’s strengths and opportunities. In essence, an organisation should strive to maximise its strengths to capitalise on new opportunities.
Intelligence: KFC, as the company is now named, is eternally associated with Colonel Harland Sanders. The Colonel is one of the rare cases in which a company has used a real person (and in this case, the founder) as the template for a cartoon mascot. The television advertisements from KFC in the 1990s have already established the hip, dancing, animated Colonel as a fried chicken guru... so much so that it's unlikely that the majority of the web audience will remember the man himself from before his death in the 1980s. It is because of the tradition of Colonel Sanders that the majority of competence is assigned. If a person with no prior knowledge of that tradition saw the animated Colonel, however, that visitor might think the Colonel is a fool. Wearing a sheepish grin and often dancing while carrying a bucket of chicken, the icon does not inspire confidence among those who have not tried a sample of the restaurant's food.
Character: Especially in the case of Colonel Sanders, it is important to remember the seriousness of the site's product or service. In nearly every animated form of the Colonel, the man is a downright silly cartoon. If KFC was offering home mortgages or cancer treatment advice, then this character's behavior would pose a problem. With something as casual as fast food, though, there is really nothing to lose with a hip, dancing old man. While the animated Colonel doesn't have a moral code, the original Colonel did, and without the assistance of the new mascot, KFC provides historical and community related information. In the end, the mere enthusiasm of the Colonel (who, in most of the current graphics on the site, is in the act of exclaiming something to the visitors) makes him a likable guy.
Goodwill: The Colonel runs into some problems when considering his willingness to understand or respond to the visitors of the site. One of the curious aspects of the KFC site is the constant shift between the image of the new animated Colonel and the faded image of Sanders himself. This juxtaposition doesn't seem to have much logical reason behind it, and there's no telling why the webmasters are only partially using their new mascot. The site itself has virtual tours of "the Sanders Cafe" but the single image of the mascot seen on the main index page of the site remains frozen in expression wherever the visitor goes. In short, he's just a token mascot that never moves.
Whereas the Colonel himself is well supported on the KFC site, the Colonel Sanders mascot's ethos is below average. With only some more responsiveness, and some of the enthusiasm he exhibits in the television ads, he could be a very successful online mascot. If he walked the visitors through the "recipe" and "ordering" sections, he could be finger-lickin' good.
2. Maxi-mini (S/T). This combination shows the organisation’s strengths in consideration of threats, e.g. from competitors. In essence, an organisation should strive to use its strengths to parry or minimise threats.
3. Mini-maxi (W/O). This combination shows the organisation’s weaknesses in tandem with opportunities. It is an exertion to conquer the organisation’s weaknesses by making the most of any new opportunities.
4. Mini-mini (W/T). This combination shows the organisation’s weaknesses by comparison with the current external threats. This is most definitely defensive strategy, to minimise an organisation’s internal weaknesse

